一、前言橡胶缓冲器具有体积小、重量轻、容量太、检修方便、价格低廉等优点,在日本铁路客车上获得了广泛的应用。目前,机车牵引的客车、电动车组和新干线列车采用的标准型缓冲器为RD11型(内燃动车组采用RD_(13)型)。此类橡胶缓冲器的载荷-挠度特性为非线性(图1):在冲击载荷较小时,容量小,变形大;在冲击载荷较大时,容量大、变形小。考虑到缓冲器内部吸收的能量经常有小的释放以及橡胶长期运用容易老化,通常缓冲器都要有一定的预压缩。由于组装时的预压缩力为6.5±1.5吨,故当运行中冲击力超过这一数值时,缓冲器起作用;当冲击力低于这一数值时,缓冲器不起作用。这样,当在40吨重的客车上作用以0.1g的纵向加速度时(即相当于4吨 First, the foreword Rubber buffer with small size, light weight, capacity is too easy to repair, low price and other advantages, in Japan, the railway bus has been widely used. At present, the standard type of buffer used for locomotive traction buses, electric train sets and Shinkansen trains is the RD11 type (the RD_ (13) type for the internal combustion EMUs). The load-deflection characteristics of this kind of rubber buffer are non-linear (Fig. 1). When the impact load is small, the capacity is small and the deformation is large. When the impact load is large, the capacity is large and the deformation is small. Taking into account the internal absorption of the buffer energy often have small release and long-term use of rubber easy to aging, usually the buffer must have some pre-compression. Since the pre-compression force at the time of assembly is 6.5 ± 1.5 tons, the shock absorber functions when the shock force exceeds this value during operation; when the shock force is lower than this value, the shock absorber does not work. In this way, when acting on a 40-ton passenger car at a longitudinal acceleration of 0.1 g (ie, equivalent to 4 tons