论文部分内容阅读
多发性硬化症（Multiple sclerosis）是一种影响包括大脑、视神经和脊髓等中枢神经系统的疾病。来自哈佛大学附属研究院安·罗姆尼中心研究神经系统疾病的一群专家开始研究为什么多发性硬化症会随着季节的变化而变化——随着白天时间的变短而有所改善。
For patients and clinicians alike， its long been a mystery： Why do symptoms of multiple sclerosis （MS） seem to get better in the winter and worse in the summer？ A group led by Francisco Quintana and collaborators have found an explanation that could lead to a deeper understanding of the disease and more targeted treatment options for patients. By looking first broadly at possible environmental factors and then deeply at preclinical models of MS， the research team found that melatonin—a hormone involved in regulating a persons sleepwake cycle—may influence MS disease activity. The team reports its findings this week in Cell.
“We know that for multiple sclerosis and most autoimmune diseases， both genetic and environmental factors play an important role， but in the last decade， most research has focused only on the genetic side of the equation，” said cocorresponding author Quintana. “But we wanted to see what environmental factors would reveal to us about this disease. We knew that MS disease activity changed with the seasons. What weve uncovered offers an explanation for why that is the case.”
Quintana and his colleagues began by studying patients. The team found that during the fall and winter， the group of 139 relapsing remitting MS patients they studied experienced a significant improvement in symptoms—a phenomenon thats been observed in previous studies. The team then explored a variety of environmental factors that have been proposed as possibly linked to MS symptoms， including vitamin D levels， UV incidence， and upper respiratory tract infections. But the factor that was consistently associated with severity of MS symptoms was melatonin. Melatonin levels are known to correlate with the durations of days—during the longer days of the spring and summer， levels are lower； during the shorter days of the fall and winter， levels are higher.
Based on this observation， the team tested this lead in the lab， studying the role that melatonin may play on a cellular level. Using both a mouse model and human cells， they investigated the effects of melatonin on certain types of cells known to play a role in the immune response that leads to MS symptoms. The team found that melatonin affected the roles of two kinds of cells that are important in MS disease progression： pathogenic T cells， which directly attack and destroy tissue， and regulatory T cells， which are supposed to keep pathogenic T cells in check. “We found that melatonin has a protective effect，” said Quintana. “It dampens the immune response and helps keep the bad guys—or pathogenic T cells—at bay.”
Although melatonin is available over the counter， it has significant drawbacks， including causing unwanted drowsiness. The teams goal is to tease apart the molecular mechanisms that underlie melatonins role in order to develop targeted， nontoxic drugs that are safe and effective with minimal side effects.
“In the future， melatonin or its derivatives may be used in MS patients after appropriate clinical trials are conducted and dosage is established，” said Quintana. “However， extreme caution should be exercised： Our data do not show that melatonin or its analogs are effective in treating MS.”
1. Which of the following descriptions is not right？
A. Melatonin dampens the immune response and helps keep pathogenic T cells at bay.
B. The team found that pathogenic T cells directly attack and destroy tissue.
C. The research team has no idea whether MS disease changed with the season.
D. It is known that melatonin levels are associated with the durations of days.
2. What can be inferred from the article？
A. Most research focus only on the genetic side because environmental factors are not important.
B. The research has developed targeted， nontoxic drugs that are safe and effective with no side effects.
C. Why symptoms of MS seem to get better in the winter and worse in the summer is a myster.
D. Scientists havent found out whether melatonin or its analogs are effective in treating MS so far.
3. Which of the following factors is consistently linked to severity of MS symptons？
A. Vitamin D levels. B. UV incidence.
C. Upper respiratory. D. Melatonin.
4. Which of the following word can best replace the underlined word in paragrah three？
A. Avoiding. B. Decreasing.
C. Relieving. D. Changing.
5. What is the main idea of this article？
A. Why MS symptoms may improve as days get shorter？
B. What is multiple sclerosis （MS）？
C. How to cure patients of multiple sclerosis （MS）.
D. A deadly disease
参考答案
1—5 CDDCA
（作者：潘井正，江苏省灌南高级中学）
心灵驿站
高三生如何摆脱强迫症困扰
很多学子说自己很想学习，却越学越焦虑，越学成绩越下降，以致于越学越学不进去，甚至产生强迫症、抑郁症等严重心理问题。
高中生一方面面临巨大的学习压力；另一方面心身处于急剧变化阶段，再加上心智不成熟，很容易产生心理上的困扰，导致影响学习。如内心自卑；内心承受力弱；人际交往困扰；青春期两性心理困扰等问题不能化解，都会对学习产生极大的不良影响，为此，高中生要学会自我调整：
第一，根据自己的具体情况制定一个合理的目标
顺其自然一些，不是所有的鸟都是凤凰，也并不需所有的人都要向东南飞。三千六百行，行行出状元。
第二，学会释放自己的情绪
我们必须认识到，一定的紧张和焦虑对于我们的学习不但没有害处，相反是有好处的。问题是我们必须把这种紧张和焦虑的心理调整在可以控制的范围以内，这种压力必须转化为动力才能促进我们的学习。当压力过大的时候，通过转移注意力或者参加剧烈运动适当释放和缓解这种压力，可以帮助我们把紧张和焦虑调整到一个合理的水平。
第三，制定切实可行的复习计划
制定复习计划时，按下面的环节进行，通常可以收到比较好的效果：理解——思考——运用——记忆——联系。首先，学会看书，看书是实现理解和思考两个过程的必经途径。其次，运用所学的知识解题，是巩固和辅助记忆的过程。各门学科之间具有横向联系，同一学科内部的各部分知识之间又具有纵向联系。因此，最后一点就是要注重各部分知识之间的联系，将知识系统化，形成知识网络。
第四，应及时向亲人、师长或心理辅导人员述说，请求帮助。必要时求助专业心理咨询师进行有效的心理调整
学习本身不是问题，学习更不是能力的问题，关键是健全人格的培养和拥有良好的学习心态和学习方法。教育首先要让孩子成为一个堂堂正正的健康人，不为学奴，学为我用，成人才能真正成才。
For patients and clinicians alike， its long been a mystery： Why do symptoms of multiple sclerosis （MS） seem to get better in the winter and worse in the summer？ A group led by Francisco Quintana and collaborators have found an explanation that could lead to a deeper understanding of the disease and more targeted treatment options for patients. By looking first broadly at possible environmental factors and then deeply at preclinical models of MS， the research team found that melatonin—a hormone involved in regulating a persons sleepwake cycle—may influence MS disease activity. The team reports its findings this week in Cell.
“We know that for multiple sclerosis and most autoimmune diseases， both genetic and environmental factors play an important role， but in the last decade， most research has focused only on the genetic side of the equation，” said cocorresponding author Quintana. “But we wanted to see what environmental factors would reveal to us about this disease. We knew that MS disease activity changed with the seasons. What weve uncovered offers an explanation for why that is the case.”
Quintana and his colleagues began by studying patients. The team found that during the fall and winter， the group of 139 relapsing remitting MS patients they studied experienced a significant improvement in symptoms—a phenomenon thats been observed in previous studies. The team then explored a variety of environmental factors that have been proposed as possibly linked to MS symptoms， including vitamin D levels， UV incidence， and upper respiratory tract infections. But the factor that was consistently associated with severity of MS symptoms was melatonin. Melatonin levels are known to correlate with the durations of days—during the longer days of the spring and summer， levels are lower； during the shorter days of the fall and winter， levels are higher.
Based on this observation， the team tested this lead in the lab， studying the role that melatonin may play on a cellular level. Using both a mouse model and human cells， they investigated the effects of melatonin on certain types of cells known to play a role in the immune response that leads to MS symptoms. The team found that melatonin affected the roles of two kinds of cells that are important in MS disease progression： pathogenic T cells， which directly attack and destroy tissue， and regulatory T cells， which are supposed to keep pathogenic T cells in check. “We found that melatonin has a protective effect，” said Quintana. “It dampens the immune response and helps keep the bad guys—or pathogenic T cells—at bay.”
Although melatonin is available over the counter， it has significant drawbacks， including causing unwanted drowsiness. The teams goal is to tease apart the molecular mechanisms that underlie melatonins role in order to develop targeted， nontoxic drugs that are safe and effective with minimal side effects.
“In the future， melatonin or its derivatives may be used in MS patients after appropriate clinical trials are conducted and dosage is established，” said Quintana. “However， extreme caution should be exercised： Our data do not show that melatonin or its analogs are effective in treating MS.”
1. Which of the following descriptions is not right？
A. Melatonin dampens the immune response and helps keep pathogenic T cells at bay.
B. The team found that pathogenic T cells directly attack and destroy tissue.
C. The research team has no idea whether MS disease changed with the season.
D. It is known that melatonin levels are associated with the durations of days.
2. What can be inferred from the article？
A. Most research focus only on the genetic side because environmental factors are not important.
B. The research has developed targeted， nontoxic drugs that are safe and effective with no side effects.
C. Why symptoms of MS seem to get better in the winter and worse in the summer is a myster.
D. Scientists havent found out whether melatonin or its analogs are effective in treating MS so far.
3. Which of the following factors is consistently linked to severity of MS symptons？
A. Vitamin D levels. B. UV incidence.
C. Upper respiratory. D. Melatonin.
4. Which of the following word can best replace the underlined word in paragrah three？
A. Avoiding. B. Decreasing.
C. Relieving. D. Changing.
5. What is the main idea of this article？
A. Why MS symptoms may improve as days get shorter？
B. What is multiple sclerosis （MS）？
C. How to cure patients of multiple sclerosis （MS）.
D. A deadly disease
参考答案
1—5 CDDCA
（作者：潘井正，江苏省灌南高级中学）
心灵驿站
高三生如何摆脱强迫症困扰
很多学子说自己很想学习，却越学越焦虑，越学成绩越下降，以致于越学越学不进去，甚至产生强迫症、抑郁症等严重心理问题。
高中生一方面面临巨大的学习压力；另一方面心身处于急剧变化阶段，再加上心智不成熟，很容易产生心理上的困扰，导致影响学习。如内心自卑；内心承受力弱；人际交往困扰；青春期两性心理困扰等问题不能化解，都会对学习产生极大的不良影响，为此，高中生要学会自我调整：
第一，根据自己的具体情况制定一个合理的目标
顺其自然一些，不是所有的鸟都是凤凰，也并不需所有的人都要向东南飞。三千六百行，行行出状元。
第二，学会释放自己的情绪
我们必须认识到，一定的紧张和焦虑对于我们的学习不但没有害处，相反是有好处的。问题是我们必须把这种紧张和焦虑的心理调整在可以控制的范围以内，这种压力必须转化为动力才能促进我们的学习。当压力过大的时候，通过转移注意力或者参加剧烈运动适当释放和缓解这种压力，可以帮助我们把紧张和焦虑调整到一个合理的水平。
第三，制定切实可行的复习计划
制定复习计划时，按下面的环节进行，通常可以收到比较好的效果：理解——思考——运用——记忆——联系。首先，学会看书，看书是实现理解和思考两个过程的必经途径。其次，运用所学的知识解题，是巩固和辅助记忆的过程。各门学科之间具有横向联系，同一学科内部的各部分知识之间又具有纵向联系。因此，最后一点就是要注重各部分知识之间的联系，将知识系统化，形成知识网络。
第四，应及时向亲人、师长或心理辅导人员述说，请求帮助。必要时求助专业心理咨询师进行有效的心理调整
学习本身不是问题，学习更不是能力的问题，关键是健全人格的培养和拥有良好的学习心态和学习方法。教育首先要让孩子成为一个堂堂正正的健康人，不为学奴，学为我用，成人才能真正成才。