论文部分内容阅读
在《拉克斯》这部柏拉图最明确探讨勇敢的对话中,两位将军拉克斯和尼基阿斯对勇敢给出了针锋相对的定义。拉克斯将勇敢定义为灵魂的某种坚持,与知识截然无关。与之相反,尼基阿斯径直将勇敢等同于知识。拉克斯和尼基阿斯均陷入困境:拉克斯无力区分技艺与知识,使他无法解释何以明智或愚蠢的坚持都不是勇敢;尼基阿斯则由于对不确定性的恐惧,而寄望于一种无所不能的、基于超自然力量的知识。实际上,真正的勇敢与节制、正义和智慧密不可分,可归结为哲人式的智慧。对话之所以没有得出勇敢的确切定义,乃是为了在德性问题上对不同的人实行不同的教诲。
In the most explicit and courageous dialogue in Plato, the “Laax,” two generals, Laques and Nikkias, gave a tit-for-tat definition of bravery. Laxus bravely defined some of the insistence of the soul, and has nothing to do with knowledge. In contrast, Nikkias straightforwardly equates bravery with knowledge. Both Lax and Nikkias were in trouble: Laxs was unable to distinguish between skill and knowledge, so that he could not explain why he was wise or stupid to insist on being brave; Nikyas, with his fear of uncertainty, An omnipotent knowledge based on supernatural forces. In fact, true bravery and temperance, justice and wisdom are inextricably linked to philosophers’ wisdom. The reason why the dialogue did not come to a brave and definite definition was to teach different people differently on the issue of virtue.