传统的实证主义注重历史知识,将它看作是文学阐释的基本依据。现代西方的客体理论(形式主义、新批评派、结构主义等)则提倡文本批评,它要求文学阐释参照作品本身的语义、句法等内在依据,而不是历史知识等外在依据。结构主义的代表里法泰尔指出:“对于现实的描写是语言的产物,它所 Traditional positivism pays attention to historical knowledge and regards it as the basic basis of literary interpretation. The theory of the object of the modern West (formalism, neo-critics, structuralism, etc.) advocates textual criticism. It requires that the literary interpretation refer to the intrinsic basis of the semantic and syntactic features of the work itself, rather than the external basis of historical knowledge. The structuralist representative Ribatayl pointed out: "The description of reality is the product of language, it