20世纪30年代初,霍克海默以对“正统”马克思主义拥护者的不满和批判为起点,倡导建立社会批判理论,从而开创了著名的法兰克福学派。他指出,“正统”马克思主义的实证化、教条化和意识形态化倾向,并非特定历史时期的特定理论样态,而是传统理论的普遍化表现。传统理论是以笛卡尔 In the early 1930s, Horkheimer started his dissatisfaction and criticism of “orthodox” Marxist advocates and advocated the establishment of social critical theory, thus creating the famous Frankfurt School. He pointed out that the tendency of “orthodox” Marxism to be positive, dogmatic and ideological is not a specific theoretical model in a specific historical period but a universal manifestation of traditional theories. The traditional theory is Descartes