A heterogeneous lamella (HL) design strategy was applied to manipulate mechanical properties of a new cost-effective Fe35Ni35Cr2sMo5 compositionally complicated alloy (CCA).The HL structure was produced by single-step heat treatment (800 ℃ for 1 h) after cold rolling.This HL structure consists of alterna-tive lamellae regions of coarse-grained FCC matrix (5-20 μm),and regions containing ultra-fine grains or subgrains (200-500 nm) together with nanoprecipitates (20-500 nm) and annealing twins.As com-pared with other cost-effective CCAs,the 800 ℃ annealed sample with HL structure demonstrated a comparable tensile property,with yield strength over 1.0 GPa and total elongation of～13％.Formation of the annealing twins and nanoprecipitates decorated HL structure was a result of the concurrent partial recrystallization and precipitation of σ phase at the shear bands with a high density of lattice defects(e.g.high-density dislocation walls and deformation twins).The latter restricted the growth of recrys-tallized grains,leading to the formation of ultrafine subgrains within the HL structure.The high yield strength resulted from the multistage hetero-deformation induced (HDI) strengthening and precipitation strengthening associated with heterogeneous lamella structures containing nanoprecipitates.The ductility was originated from the coexistence of multiple deformation mechanisms,which started with dislocation slip and formation of stacking faults at the initial stage,followed by nano-twinning at the higher strain level.This HL design strategy,comprising composition and thermomechanical process designs,and the resultant microstructure tuning,open a broader window for the development of cost-effective CCAs with enhanced performance.