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由孟德尔到DNA重组实验1865年,孟德尔报告了豌豆实验中的遗传法则,但当时对这一重要论文学术界无人予以重视。直到1900年,De Vries等在小麦实验中得到同样的结论,才使孟德尔法则重被发现。以后,遗传学把实验系统扩展到植物色素、果蝇、粗糙链孢菌等。1940年代后的几项发现尤为重要。其一是当时以代谢为主体的动态生化学急速发展,Beadle将这些知识和昆虫及链孢菌的突然变异有关的研究合在一起,提出了“一个基因一种酶”的学说。即认为“基因决定了所谓酶的蛋白质,通过它的作用来控制原生质”。这样,把遗传基因具有的“机能”的基本概念定了下来。其二是1946年Lederberg等在大肠杆菌中发现了菌体间有遗传物质的授受,从而开始了微生物遗传学,它与以前的实验系统相比较有着明显易于分析的优点。
From Mendel to DNA Recombination Experiment In 1865, Mendel reported the genetic law of pea experiments, but at the time no one in the academic community paid any attention to this important dissertation. It was not until 1900 that De Vries et al. Reached the same conclusion in a wheat experiment that only Mendel’s law was found. Later, genetics extended the experimental system to plant pigments, fruit flies, and rough streptococci. Several findings after the 1940s are especially important. One of them was the rapid development of dynamic biochemistry with the metabolism as the main body. Beadle combined these researches on the sudden mutation of insects and Alternaria to put forward the theory of “one gene and one enzyme”. That “the gene determines the so-called enzyme protein, through its role to control the protoplasm.” In this way, the basic concept of “function” of a gene is set. The other is that Lederberg et al. (1946) discovered that there was genetic material transfer in E. coli and started the microbial genetics. Compared with the previous experimental system, it has obvious advantages of easy analysis.