火星有着和地球相似的极地冰盖、云层、季节变化、火山、峡谷等可辨认特征,火星探索成为人类航天发展史上的重要内容。系统论述了火星概貌,包括基本参数、地表特征、大气特征和射线环境,阐明了载人登陆火星的重要意义,介绍了针对载人火星模拟飞行的“火星-500”项目主要内容。 Mars has similar identifiable features like polar ice sheets, clouds, seasonal changes, volcanoes and valleys that are similar to the Earth. Mars exploration has become an important part of the history of human space development. This paper systematically discusses the overview of Mars, including basic parameters, surface features, atmospheric characteristics and ray environment. It expounds the significance of manned landing on Mars and introduces the main content of Mars-500 for manned Mars simulated flight.