胃肠道恶性肿瘤治疗失败的主要原因在于转移与复发。与其预后一样,转移与复发均取决于不同的因素,包括(1)临床表型及治疗情况;(2)病理学表型;(3)肿瘤细胞的分子生物学特征。临床表型包括性别、年龄、一般状况、免疫基础、有无其他慢性消耗性疾病或肿瘤并发症,如梗阻、穿孔、继 The main reason for the failure of gastrointestinal cancer treatment is metastasis and recurrence. As with its prognosis, metastasis and relapse all depend on a variety of factors including (1) the clinical phenotype and treatment; (2) the pathological phenotype; and (3) the molecular biology of the tumor cells. Clinical phenotypes include gender, age, general condition, immunologic basis, presence of other chronic wasting disease or tumor complications such as obstruction, perforation, following