1前言随着我国水利水电事业的发展，先后在大江大河上建造了多座大型水利水电工程，尤其是长江三峡、黄河小浪底等大型水利枢纽工程的建设，标志着我国水利水电事业进入了快速发展的阶段．这些大型水利设施都存在着高水头、大流速的特点，如黄河，其水质还伴有大量的泥沙及其它 1 Introduction With the development of China’s water conservancy and hydropower, a number of large-scale water conservancy and hydropower projects have been built on major rivers. The construction of large-scale water conservancy projects such as the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River and the Xiaolangdi Dam of the Yellow River, in particular, marked the rapid development of China’s water conservancy and hydropower industry The stage. These large-scale water conservancy facilities are characterized by high head and large velocity, such as the Yellow River, whose water quality is accompanied by a large amount of sediment and other