“显规则”写在种种制度文本中,为统治者所公开倡导。“潜规则”则像一只隐形魔手,操纵着一些人按它的方式运行。近代官场的“潜规则”甚多,虽多发生在官吏之间,却是社会积弊的折射。清代官场的潜规则表现于诸多“陋规”。据统计,清咸丰年间的陋规举其大者有节寿礼、程仪、卯规、别敬、秋审部费、晋升部费、门生礼、浮收、勒折、签子钱等。陋规的大量存在导致吏治腐败、政权不稳。雍正着意改革,对官员实行薪俸补贴的“养廉银”制度,但阻力极大。雍正朝后,陋规故态复萌。 “Significant rules ” written in the text of the system, openly advocated by the rulers. “Unspoken rules ” is like an invisible devil, manipulating some people according to its way of running. Modern officialdom “unspoken rules ” is very much, although occurred in the officialdom, but it is a refraction of social malpractice. The unspoken rules of the officialdom in the Qing Dynasty manifested in many “bad rules ”. According to statistics, during the Qing Xianfeng rule, the big ones held the festival of honor, Cheng Yi, Mao rules, do not respect, autumn trial department fees, promotion department fee, door ceremony, floating income, levy, sign money and so on. The existence of a large number of bureaucratic officials led to corruption, political instability. Yongzheng cares about reforms and imposes salaries and subsidies on officials, but this system has great resistance. After the reign of the Yongzheng, the rule of the old official Meng Meng.