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自1978年以来,中国实行经济体制改革和对外开放政策,已经历了30个年头。30年所取得的巨大成就,令世界瞩目甚至震撼。二三十年前,“中国”曾经是“贫穷”、“落后”、“封闭”的代名词,今天,中国给世界的印象已是“繁荣”、“财富”甚至“强大”。只是一代人的时间,一个13亿人口的巨大国家就发生了天翻地覆、脱胎换骨的变化,是何种神奇力量所致?美国经济学家E.赫尔普曼(2004)在研究了各国发展的历史后指出:“我们可以认为,与研发投入或物质及人力资本积累相比,制度是决定经济增长的更基本因素。”那么,制度背后的力量又是什么?制度是人创造的,也是人改变的。可以说,是全体人民在创造和改变着社会制度,至少,只有得到人民认同的制度才能发挥推动历史的巨大作用。而制度的创造必须基于两个最基本的因素:一是现实的物质经济条件;二是对于发展的共同意识(这种共同意识可以是自觉的也可能是不自觉的)。因此,我们可以从这两个观察视角来回顾和分析中国近30年所走过的道路和取得的巨大成就,同时也更清晰、客观地认识面临的问题和矛盾。
Since 1978, China has pursued a policy of economic restructuring and opening up for 30 years. The tremendous achievements of the past 30 years have caught the world's attention and even shocked us. Twenty or thirty years ago, “China” used to be synonymous with “poverty,” backwardness and “closure. Today, China has given the world the impression of being” prosperous, “” wealthy, “and even” powerful. “ Only a generation's time, a huge country with a population of 1.3 billion there have been turned upside down, reborn, what is the result of magical power? American economist E.Halpman (2004) in the study of the history of the development of all countries Later, he pointed out: ”We can think of a system as a more fundamental factor in determining economic growth than R & D spending or the accumulation of material and human capital." So what is the power behind the system? of. It can be said that all the people are creating and changing the social system. At least, only the people's approval system can play a significant role in promoting history. The creation of a system must be based on two basic factors: the first is the material and economic conditions of reality; the second is the common awareness of development (which can be both consciously and unconsciously). Therefore, we can review and analyze the road traveled by China in recent 30 years and the tremendous achievements we have made from these two perspectives of observation. At the same time, we can also understand more clearly and objectively the problems and contradictions we face.