自从太平天国运动以来,清王朝的军权与财权出现了下移,中央政府对地方的控制力急剧下降。这一趋势与欧、美、日同期发生的行政集权趋势是背道而驰的。这一“逆向运动”使中国付出了在激烈的国际竞争中落败的惨重代价。于是,接下来一百年政治建设的重要主题,就是重构中央集权的行政结构。然而,在新的国内与国际环境之中,这一工作比旧王朝政治中的“削藩”更为复杂。旧秩序的松动已经释放出了多元的政治力量,政治精英出现了高度分化,产生了不同的政治方案,因此,行政上的集权运动离不开政治吸纳与整合——所谓吸纳,是指将多元化的政治力量引导到制度化的渠道中,使得政治博弈在体制内发生;而整合,是在吸纳多元力量之后,协调其相互矛盾乃至冲突的主张,形成有共识支撑的制度与政策。没有这个政治吸纳与整合的过程,哪怕是建立现代国家必需的最低限度的行政集权,都会遭遇到政治上的抵制。 Since the Taiping Rebellion, the military power and property rights of the Qing dynasty have moved downward, and the control power of the Central Government over the territory has dropped sharply. This trend runs counter to the tendency toward administrative centralization in Europe, the United States and Japan. This “reverse movement” has cost China a heavy price of defeat in the fierce international competition. Thus, the important theme for the next 100 years of political construction is to reform the centralized administrative structure. However, this work is more complicated than that of the “dynasty” in the old dynastic politics in the new domestic and international contexts. The loosening of the old order has already released a plurality of political forces. The political elites have been highly differentiated and have produced different political plans. Therefore, the administrative centralized exercise can not be separated from political absorption and integration - the so-called absorption refers to the diversification of multiple Political power leads to institutionalized channels, making the political game take place within the system. Integration, after absorbing multiple forces, coordinates its conflicting and even conflicting claims and forms a consensus-supported system and policy. Without this process of political absorption and integration, even the minimum administrative centralization necessary for the establishment of a modern state will encounter political boycott.