Ⅰ.引言自1963年引进第一个单片运算放大器以来,它们在实际电路和系统设计中应用不断增长。因为单片运算放大器不断降价,它们作为有源模拟电路的元件可以和早在六十年代硅晶体管相比。运算放大器很容易在有源滤波器、控制系统和测试设备方面应用使运算放大器比其它的如回转器或者负阻抗转换器获得更广泛的利用。运算放大器电路设计特殊问题过去没有从理论方面得到广泛注意,可能是因为在晶体管电路中,运算放大器仅仅表示很窄很特殊的一部分。但是,从增加这一部分很重要 I. INTRODUCTION Since the introduction of the first monolithic op amp in 1963, they have seen increasing use in practical circuit and system design. Because monolithic op-amps keep falling in price, their components as active analog circuits can be compared to silicon transistors as early as the 1960s. Op amps Easily used in active filters, control systems and test equipment to make operational amplifiers more widely available than others, such as gyrators or negative-impedance converters. Op amp circuit design special problems in the past did not get a lot of theoretical attention, probably because the transistor circuit, the op amp said only a very narrow and very special part. However, it is important to add this part