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一、自由与民主的关系在中国,思想的近代化是和达尔文主义的输入联系在一起的。进化观念在两个方面对国人是启发性的。一是历史进步论,这和过去的历史退化论是相反的,因而在近代才会有乌托邦主义的盛行,近代中国的思想在社会方面是以理想主义为主流的。二是因为万物都在进化的过程中,因而万物在任何暂时性的阶段上都是不完美的,它有可能使近代知识分子思考在不同的价值理想之间谁取谁予的问题。一方面是社会理想的乌托邦主义,另一方面是价值目标的相对主义。
I. The Relationship between Freedom and Democracy In China, the modernization of thought is linked with Darwinism’s input. The concept of evolution is enlightening people in two ways. First, the theory of historical progress, which is the opposite of the historical degeneration theory in the past, will prevail in the modern era with utopianism. In modern times, China’s ideology is dominated by idealism. The second reason is that because everything is in the process of evolution, everything is imperfect at any temporary stage. It is likely to make modern intellectuals think about who should choose who should be different among different values and ideals. On the one hand, it is the social ideal of utopianism, on the other hand, the relativism of the value goal.