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英语动词一般可有三种不同的语气:陈述语气、 祈使语气和虚拟语气。虚拟语气表示说的话不是事实,或者是不可能发生的情况, 而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。一般用于正式的书面语中。
一、虚拟语气在条件句中的用法
1. 表示与现在事实相反, 条件从句中的谓语动词形式用过去式(be动词的过去式一般用were); 主句中的谓语动词形式用“would (should, could, might) + 动词原形”。 例如:
If I were you, I shouldn’t do that.
如果我是你的话, 就不做那事。
If we had time, we would go with you.
如果我们有时间的话,就会和你一块去。
If I could fly, I would fly in the sky.
假设我能飞的话, 我会在天上飞翔。
We could ask him if he were here.
如果他在这儿的话, 我们就可以问他了。
2. 表示与过去事实相反,条件从句中的谓语动词形式用“had + 过去分词”;主句中的谓语动词形式用“would (should, could, might) + have + 动词过去分词”。例如:
If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it.
假如他昨天见到你的话, 他就会问起你这件事了。
If I had had enough time, I would have gone with you.
假如当时我有足够的时间,我会跟你去的。
I should /would have called you if I had known your telephone number.
如果当时我知道你的电话号码的话,我就会给你打电话了。
3. 表示与将来事实可能相反,条件从句中的谓语动词可用过去式,也可用“should + 动词原形或were to + 动词原形”;主句中的谓语动词用“would ( should, could, might) + 动词原形”。例如:
If I were here tomorrow, I would help you.
如果我明天在这儿, 我就帮助你。
If he were to come, I could have a talk with him.
假设他来的话, 我就能和他谈谈。
If he should come, I might go with him.
如果他来, 我就可能跟他去。
If I had money, I would lend it to you.
如果我有钱, 我会借给你。
4. 混合的虚拟语气。例如:
If it had rained last night, it would be very cool ( now).
如果昨晚下了雨, 今天天气就会很凉爽。
(从句与过去情况相反, 主句与现在情况相反。)
If he had not broken the law, he would not be in prison now.
如果当初不犯法, 他现在就不会坐牢。
(从句与过去情况相反, 主句与现在情况相反。)
If I were ten years younger, I want to go with you.
如果我年轻10岁, 我倒是愿意跟你去。
(从句与现在情况相反, 主句是陈述语气。)
二、动词 wish后接含虚拟语气的宾语从句
虚拟语气用于wish后的宾语从句中表示未实现的或不可能实现的愿望,可意为“但愿……”“要是……就好了”。
1. 与现实相反的愿望(宾语从句中的动词用过去式)。例如:
I wish I were rich.
但愿我是个富翁。
I wish I knew the answer.
我要是知道答案就好了。
2. 与过去事实相反的愿望(宾语从句中的动词用“had + 过去分词”)。例如:
I wish I had known the answer.
我希望我知道那个答案。
I wish you had not told him the secret.
我但愿你没有对他说那个秘密。
3. 与将来事实可能相反的愿望 (宾语从句中的动词用“would (should)+ 动词原形”)。例如:
I wish the boys would be quiet.
但愿这些孩子安静些。
She wishes you would go and visit her.
她希望你去看她。
三、在 as if, as though引导的方式状语从句或表语从句中可用虚拟语气,注意本从句中的虚拟语气与主句的时态无关。 如果表示与现在或当时事实相反的主观设想, 从句就用过去式(be动词的过去式一般用were)。例如:
He treats the girl as if she were / was his own daughter.
他对待这女孩子就好像她是他自己的女儿。
He speaks /spoke English as if he were an American.
他说起英语来好像是个美国人似的。
如果从句中主观设想的动作发生在主句动作之前,从句就用过去完成时。例如:
He speaks /spoke as if he had been to America.
他讲起话来好像他去过美国似的。
如果真实的成分大些, 就用陈述语气。例如:
It looks/seems as if it is going to rain.
看来要下雨了。
一、虚拟语气在条件句中的用法
1. 表示与现在事实相反, 条件从句中的谓语动词形式用过去式(be动词的过去式一般用were); 主句中的谓语动词形式用“would (should, could, might) + 动词原形”。 例如:
If I were you, I shouldn’t do that.
如果我是你的话, 就不做那事。
If we had time, we would go with you.
如果我们有时间的话,就会和你一块去。
If I could fly, I would fly in the sky.
假设我能飞的话, 我会在天上飞翔。
We could ask him if he were here.
如果他在这儿的话, 我们就可以问他了。
2. 表示与过去事实相反,条件从句中的谓语动词形式用“had + 过去分词”;主句中的谓语动词形式用“would (should, could, might) + have + 动词过去分词”。例如:
If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it.
假如他昨天见到你的话, 他就会问起你这件事了。
If I had had enough time, I would have gone with you.
假如当时我有足够的时间,我会跟你去的。
I should /would have called you if I had known your telephone number.
如果当时我知道你的电话号码的话,我就会给你打电话了。
3. 表示与将来事实可能相反,条件从句中的谓语动词可用过去式,也可用“should + 动词原形或were to + 动词原形”;主句中的谓语动词用“would ( should, could, might) + 动词原形”。例如:
If I were here tomorrow, I would help you.
如果我明天在这儿, 我就帮助你。
If he were to come, I could have a talk with him.
假设他来的话, 我就能和他谈谈。
If he should come, I might go with him.
如果他来, 我就可能跟他去。
If I had money, I would lend it to you.
如果我有钱, 我会借给你。
4. 混合的虚拟语气。例如:
If it had rained last night, it would be very cool ( now).
如果昨晚下了雨, 今天天气就会很凉爽。
(从句与过去情况相反, 主句与现在情况相反。)
If he had not broken the law, he would not be in prison now.
如果当初不犯法, 他现在就不会坐牢。
(从句与过去情况相反, 主句与现在情况相反。)
If I were ten years younger, I want to go with you.
如果我年轻10岁, 我倒是愿意跟你去。
(从句与现在情况相反, 主句是陈述语气。)
二、动词 wish后接含虚拟语气的宾语从句
虚拟语气用于wish后的宾语从句中表示未实现的或不可能实现的愿望,可意为“但愿……”“要是……就好了”。
1. 与现实相反的愿望(宾语从句中的动词用过去式)。例如:
I wish I were rich.
但愿我是个富翁。
I wish I knew the answer.
我要是知道答案就好了。
2. 与过去事实相反的愿望(宾语从句中的动词用“had + 过去分词”)。例如:
I wish I had known the answer.
我希望我知道那个答案。
I wish you had not told him the secret.
我但愿你没有对他说那个秘密。
3. 与将来事实可能相反的愿望 (宾语从句中的动词用“would (should)+ 动词原形”)。例如:
I wish the boys would be quiet.
但愿这些孩子安静些。
She wishes you would go and visit her.
她希望你去看她。
三、在 as if, as though引导的方式状语从句或表语从句中可用虚拟语气,注意本从句中的虚拟语气与主句的时态无关。 如果表示与现在或当时事实相反的主观设想, 从句就用过去式(be动词的过去式一般用were)。例如:
He treats the girl as if she were / was his own daughter.
他对待这女孩子就好像她是他自己的女儿。
He speaks /spoke English as if he were an American.
他说起英语来好像是个美国人似的。
如果从句中主观设想的动作发生在主句动作之前,从句就用过去完成时。例如:
He speaks /spoke as if he had been to America.
他讲起话来好像他去过美国似的。
如果真实的成分大些, 就用陈述语气。例如:
It looks/seems as if it is going to rain.
看来要下雨了。