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20世纪初期,西方殖民扩张使本已是通商口岸的上海和殖民属地的香港一跃成为重要的国际港口。作为当时主要的国际交流带,上海、香港各自具备“理想型”国际航运中心特征。上海不仅是一个较大的港口,还由于其国际大都会背景,享有更多“非正式”优势。香港,则由于英国的管治法规及其在世界海事中的领导地位而享有更多“正式”优势。这两个港口城市成为中国沿海地区的主要口岸。作为一个具有潜力的国际航运中心,上海的一个重要“软件”优势在于其繁荣发达的出版业,相关出版物极大满足了国内外航运人士的需求。本文将介绍其中的三个例子:第一部《英中航海词典》、清代海关总税务司的出版刊物以及《中国航运潮汐与船舶操纵手册》年刊。1940年代国内战争的动乱和1949年中华人民共和国的正式成立,使上海失去上述航运优势;反观香港,由于40年代末上海航运业人才和资金往香港迁移,以及英国殖民统治逐渐放宽,香港得以充分利用已拥有的优势,并建设之前所匮乏的航运软件。到了21世纪初期,香港已成为中国国际航运中心的引领者。上海若想重建早年的航运辉煌事业,须重视“理想型”国际航运中心软件建设,打造一个面向世界、顺畅而开放的东方国际交流区域。
In the early 20th century, the expansion of Western colonies made Hong Kong, a trading port of Shanghai and a colonial territories, an important international port. As the major international exchange belt at that time, Shanghai and Hong Kong each possessed the characteristics of “ideal” international shipping center. Shanghai is not only a larger port, but also enjoys more “informal” advantages because of its cosmopolitan background. Hong Kong enjoys more “official” advantages because of British governance and its leadership in world maritime affairs. These two port cities have become the major ports in China’s coastal areas. An important “software” advantage of Shanghai as a potential international shipping center lies in its thriving publishing industry, which has greatly satisfied the needs of domestic and international shipping people. This article will introduce three of these examples: the first British-Chinese Nautical Dictionary, the publication of the General Taxation Division of the Qing Dynasty and the annual China Shipping Tide and Ship Manipulation Handbook. The unrest in the 1940s and the formal establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 left Shanghai without the above shipping advantages. In contrast, in Hong Kong, due to the relocation of Shanghai shipping personnel and capital to Hong Kong in the late 1940s and the gradual relaxation of British colonial rule, Hong Kong was well-placed Take advantage of what you already have and build shipping software that was previously scarce. By the early 21st century, Hong Kong has become the leader of China’s international shipping center. If Shanghai wants to rebuild its brilliant shipping business in its early years, Shanghai must pay attention to the construction of software of “ideal type” international shipping center and create a smooth, open and open international exchange area for the world.