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[目的]探讨铸造行业作业场所粉尘连续性采样中,个体采样和区域采样两种测定结果间的相关关系和相关程度,以及季节因素和不同作业场所对采样结果的影响。[方法]选择3家工厂的铸造车间作为采样现场,分别在各工种选取36、23、14人进行个体全工作班随身采样,并同时进行工作区域定点采样。冬、夏两季每季重复进行3次。以重量法测定粉尘总量并计算出粉尘浓度。对各工厂夏冬两季各工种以及各工作区域的空气粉尘平均浓度,进行工种浓度和区域浓度、季节和工厂之间的比较分析。[结果]工种浓度各厂都有从造型各工种到开箱各工种浓度渐高的趋势排列,其中两个厂的浓度排列趋势有极显著性的统计学意义,F值分别为9.30和16.36,P<0.01。区域采样所得的区域浓度与相应的工人个体采样所得的工种浓度或缺乏显著性相关,或未见显著性差别。冬季各工种的个体样品和区域样品所测得的粉尘平均浓度普遍高于夏季时的相应样品,其中造型(t=4.56)、制芯(t=4.34)、开箱冷却(t=5.88)、开箱打磨(t=3.49)、以及铸造车间行车(t=2.97)工种和制芯间(t=2.79)区域的季节差异表现出统计上的显著性。3个厂之间,某些类似工种个体接触和类似工作区域的空气粉尘平均浓度的差异有极显著性,有色金属铸造厂的浓度都是最低。[结论]在大中型的黑色金属铸造生产场所,区域采样不能很好地代表或替代个体采样以反映作业者实际的粉尘接触浓度。在有色金属铸造中,如考虑到含二氧化硅砂的国家卫生标准值,区域采样还是不能代表作业者实际的粉尘接触浓度是否在国家标准以下。季节因素(实际上是工作场所的自然通风因素)在决定实际接触粉尘浓度方面,具有至关重要的作用。在中等规模生产标准产品的铸铁工艺过程在造型工段的粉尘对工人危害最大;大规模的铸钢工艺生产在熔炼和开箱清砂工段的粉尘对工人危害最大。
[Objective] The research aimed to discuss the correlation and correlation degree between two kinds of determination results of individual sampling and regional sampling, and the influence of seasonal factors and different job sites on the sampling results. [Method] The casting shop of 3 factories was selected as the sampling site. 36,23 and 14 people were selected for sampling in the whole working class of each working class, and fixed-point sampling in the working area was carried out at the same time. Winter and summer each quarter repeat 3 times. Gravimetric method to determine the total amount of dust and calculate the dust concentration. The average concentration of airborne dust in each type of summer and winter seasons and each working area of each factory was compared and analyzed for the concentration of work-types and the concentration of the area, season and factory. [Result] The results showed that all the factories had the trend of increasing concentration from modeling all kinds of work to unpacking each kind of workmanship. Concentration arrangement trend of the two factories had extremely significant statistical significance with F values of 9.30 and 16.36, respectively. P <0.01. The regional concentrations obtained from regional sampling are related to the concentration or lack of significance of the type of workers obtained from the corresponding individual workers, or no significant difference is found. The average concentration of dust in individual samples and regional samples in winter was generally higher than that in summer, with modeling (t = 4.56), core making (t = 4.34), uncooled cooling (t = 5.88) Out-of-box grinding (t = 3.49), and the seasonal differences in casting workshop driving (t = 2.97) and core-making (t = 2.79) regions showed statistical significance. The average concentration of airborne dust among the three plants, the average contact concentration of some similar jobs and similar working areas is extremely significant, and the concentration of non-ferrous metal foundries is the lowest. [Conclusion] In large and medium-sized ferrous metal casting production sites, regional sampling can not represent or substitute individual samples well to reflect the actual dust contact concentration of operators. In non-ferrous metal casting, taking into account the national health standards containing silica sand value, the regional sampling or can not represent the actual dust concentration of the operator is below the national standard. Seasonal factors (in fact, natural ventilation in the workplace) play a crucial role in determining the actual level of dust exposure. Dust from cast iron processes at medium-scale production of standard products is most damaging to workers in the modeling section; large-scale cast steel production processes are most damaging to workers in smelting and out-of-box dusting.