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消极身份是阻却犯罪成立的身份。混合的惹起说是妥当的共犯的处罚根据。在大陆法系,解决“共犯与消极身份”的问题表面系于“共犯与身份”专条的适用,实则围绕共犯的处罚根据展开。无阻却构成要件的身份者加功有阻却构成要件的身份者,有无身份者都不成立犯罪;相反,无身份者单独成立犯罪。无阻却违法的身份者加功有阻却违法的身份者,无身份者成立间接正犯;相反,无身份者单独成立犯罪。至于阻却责任、刑罚的身份的情形,有无身份者彼此加功的,适用“共犯与身份”专条,消极身份并不影响共犯的成立。犯罪人与第三人共同掩饰自己犯罪的,应以缺乏期待可能性为解释的基本立场。
Negative identity is the identity that holds back the establishment of a crime. Mixed cause of punishment is based on a proper accomplice. In the civil law system, the solution to the problem of “accomplice and negative identity” lies in the application of the “accomplice and status” article, but in fact the punishment of accomplice is based on it. The unhindered identity of the elements that constitute the elements plus those who obstruct the elements that constitute the elements, whether or not the persons who have the status are not guilty of the crime; on the contrary, the non-status-seekers set up a separate crime. Unimpeded and illegal identity plus those who have resistance to illegal identity, identityless persons to establish indirect principal; the contrary, non-status of a separate set up a crime. As for the obstruction of responsibility, the punishment of the identity of the situation, with or without the identity of each other’s work, apply “accomplice and identity ” article, negative identity does not affect the establishment of accomplice. When the perpetrator and the third party conceal their crime, they should base themselves on the lack of expectation of possibility.