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I. 閱读理解
Plastic-Eating Worms
Humans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills（垃圾填埋场）， and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it， but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.
Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene， which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours， and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams， or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms’ chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown， the researchers made some worms into paste（糊状物） and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass —apparently broken down by enzymes （酶） from the worms’ stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.
Federica Bertocchini， co-author of the study， says the worms’ ability to break down their everyday food—beeswax—also allows them to break down plastic. “Wax is a complex mixture， but the basic bond in polyethylene， the carbon-carbon bond， is there as well，” she explains. “The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond.”
Jennifer DeBruyn， a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee， who was not involved in the study， says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies， she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step， DeBruyn says， will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes（肠道微生物）？
Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team’s findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process—not simply “millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.”
1. What can we learn about the worms in the study？
A. They take plastics as their everyday food. B. They are newly evolved creatures.
C. They can consume plastics. D. They wind up in landfills.
2. According to Jennifer DeBruyn， the next step of the study is to ______ .
A. identify other means of the breakdown B. find out the source of the enzyme
C. confirm the research findings D. increase the breakdown speed 3. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might ______ .
A. help to raise worms B. help make plastic bags
C. be used to clean the oceans D. be produced in factories in future
4. What is the main purpose of the passage？
A. To explain a study method on worms. B. To introduce the diet of a special worm.
C. To present a way to break down plastics. D. To propose new means to keep eco-balance.
II. 补全信息
In one way or another， all our water comes from the sea. 1 The vapor rises and freezes to form clouds. These clouds release their water as rain， often when they are blown over high ground. Rain goes deep into the ground， runs into streams and rivers， and flows back into the sea. Also， plants take water from the soil and put some back into the air as vapor. In this way， water is always being recycled. 2
Human beings also take part in the water cycle. We build reservoirs（水库） to trap water for our houses and factories. 3
Some water takes many thousands of years to complete the cycle. It collects in huge areas of underground. This kind of water is often used by people as a source of tap water. People around the world use tap water in their daily life.
Plastic-Eating Worms
Humans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills（垃圾填埋场）， and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it， but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.
Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene， which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours， and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams， or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms’ chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown， the researchers made some worms into paste（糊状物） and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass —apparently broken down by enzymes （酶） from the worms’ stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.
Federica Bertocchini， co-author of the study， says the worms’ ability to break down their everyday food—beeswax—also allows them to break down plastic. “Wax is a complex mixture， but the basic bond in polyethylene， the carbon-carbon bond， is there as well，” she explains. “The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond.”
Jennifer DeBruyn， a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee， who was not involved in the study， says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies， she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step， DeBruyn says， will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes（肠道微生物）？
Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team’s findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process—not simply “millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.”
1. What can we learn about the worms in the study？
A. They take plastics as their everyday food. B. They are newly evolved creatures.
C. They can consume plastics. D. They wind up in landfills.
2. According to Jennifer DeBruyn， the next step of the study is to ______ .
A. identify other means of the breakdown B. find out the source of the enzyme
C. confirm the research findings D. increase the breakdown speed 3. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might ______ .
A. help to raise worms B. help make plastic bags
C. be used to clean the oceans D. be produced in factories in future
4. What is the main purpose of the passage？
A. To explain a study method on worms. B. To introduce the diet of a special worm.
C. To present a way to break down plastics. D. To propose new means to keep eco-balance.
II. 补全信息
In one way or another， all our water comes from the sea. 1 The vapor rises and freezes to form clouds. These clouds release their water as rain， often when they are blown over high ground. Rain goes deep into the ground， runs into streams and rivers， and flows back into the sea. Also， plants take water from the soil and put some back into the air as vapor. In this way， water is always being recycled. 2
Human beings also take part in the water cycle. We build reservoirs（水库） to trap water for our houses and factories. 3
Some water takes many thousands of years to complete the cycle. It collects in huge areas of underground. This kind of water is often used by people as a source of tap water. People around the world use tap water in their daily life.