“认识你自己!”这是挑明哲学之任务的标志性口号。当亚里士多德把“灵魂”作为“第一本体”的形式或本质时,这一口号便转化为:认识你自己的灵魂!可究竟应当如何恰如其分地认识自己的灵魂或心灵一直是哲学的一个难题。当亚里士多德指出“存在一种能够觉察其自身的感觉”以及笛卡尔依据前反思的“直接认识自身”的思维来为自己抗辩 “Know Yourself!” This is a landmark slogan that spells out the task of philosophy. When Aristotle takes “soul ” as the form or essence of “the first noumenon ”, this slogan translates into: knowing your own soul! How exactly you should know your own soul The soul has always been a problem in philosophy. Aristotle defended himself by pointing out that “there is a feeling of being able to perceive itself” and Descartes’s thinking of “directly recognizing himself” based on pre-reflection