启蒙时期开始,西方人认为世界哲学、历史已为西方所属。而雅斯贝尔斯提出轴心时代理论力图超越此思维定式。该理论既是一个经验假说,又是一个涵括双重规范义的方案。然而,人们或多或少只看重前者而忽略后者。对于轴心时代理论的批评主要有两方面,焦点在“排他主义”。而在后来关于轴心时代原理的讨论中,中国已经成为检讨轴心时代理论是否具有经验上的正确性的重要实例。沃格林学派认为,中国只有“不完全”的突破。布劳耶也认为,中国并没有打破那种将万物融合为一个无所不包的单一整体的“本体论连续统”。布劳耶还认为,运用科尔伯格的“认知发展理论”考察轴心时代现象将导致对文献资料的过度诠释。本文对这些看法进行了检讨。同时,本文试图证明,中国轴心时代思想的“形式—运算”特征体现在诸多方面,如专题论文的出现、区分获得知识的途径、认识论的转变、论证方式、传统批判的理论。进而言之,无论是在内容上还是在结构上,严格说来轴心时代的“突破”并未“完成”。轴心时代理论必须转变为一种现代性理论,如此它将对“多元现代性”产生影响,这将是对其最具影响力的阐发。 Enlightenment began, Westerners believe that the world philosophy, history has been the West belongs. And Jaspers put forward the theory of the Axial Age to try to go beyond this mode of thinking. This theory is not only an empirical hypothesis, but also a plan that includes dual normative justice. However, people are more or less focused on the former while ignoring the latter. There are two main criticisms of the Axis Era theory, with the focus on “exclusiveism.” Later in the discussion on the principle of the axis era, China had become an important example of the empirical correctness of the theory of the axis era. Vaughlin School believes that China has only “incomplete” breakthrough. Brauer also believes that China has not broken the “ontological continuum” that unites everything into a single, all-encompassing unitary one. Brauer also believes that the use of Kohlberg “cognitive development theory ” to examine the era of the axis will lead to the excessive interpretation of the literature. This article reviews these views. At the same time, this article attempts to prove that the “form - operation ” characteristic of Chinese Axial Thought is reflected in many aspects, such as the emergence of monographs, the ways of acquiring knowledge, the transformation of epistemology, the mode of argumentation and the theory of traditional criticism. Furthermore, in terms of content and structure, strictly speaking, the “breakthrough” of the axis era did not “finish ”. Axis age theory must be transformed into a theory of modernity, so it will have an impact on “plural modernity ”, which will be its most influential elucidation.