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抗辩是当事人对抗相对方主张的一种防御手段,“抗辩者承担证明责任,否认者不承担证明责任”这一条古老的证明责任分配规则表明了抗辩在证明责任分配上的特殊意义。然而,在司法实务中,混淆抗辩与其他诉讼防御手段的情形十分常见,在证明责任的分配上往往无所适从或存在逻辑上自相矛盾的尴尬现象,侵犯当事人的合法权益。因此,本文从抗辩与其他诉讼策略的区别入手,寻找抗辩自身的特征,找到准确识别抗辩行为的方法,以期为司法实践提供参考。
Defense is the defensive measure that the parties oppose the opposing party’s claim. “The ancient rule of distribution of burden of proof that the defender assumes the burden of proof and the defender does not bear the burden of proof shows the special significance of defenses in the distribution of burden of proof.” However, in the judicial practice, it is very common to confound defense and other means of litigation defense. In the distribution of the burden of proof, they usually do not know what to do or there is a logically contradictory embarrassment and encroach upon the legitimate rights and interests of the parties concerned. Therefore, starting with the difference between defense and other litigation tactics, this article searches for the characteristics of defense itself and finds the way to accurately identify the defense actions, in order to provide a reference for judicial practice.