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Background:Hepatitis C virus (HCV) persistence is associated with chronic necroinflammatory liver disease with dysfunctional antiviral T cells, induction of immune inhibitory pathways and the emergence ofT cell escape variants.Study Aims: Our aim was to develop a convenient co-culture system of HCV-specific T cells and HCV-replicating hepatocytes to examine potential host-virus interactions (e.g.Tregs, PD-1) relevant in HCV persistence and disease pathogenesis.