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The development of heavy-haul transportation has become the development direction of railway bulk cargo transportation.The operation of heavy-duty trains has a serious impact on the existing driving organization,train braking operation mode and the quality of ground fixed equipment,posing a threat to traffic safety.And in the event of an accident,it will cause huge economic losses.In order to ensure the safety and efficiency of heavy-duty transportation of railways,it is necessary to continuously improve existing technologies and facilities,and strengthen operational organization and related management work,which requires a certain amount of capital investment.In general,as safety investments become larger,safety benefits do not necessarily increase at the same rate.This article explores how to achieve optimal safety results for limited safety investments,enabling railway heavy-duty transport companies to improve safety levels,reduce safety costs,and improve capital utilization efficiency.This paper briefly summarizes the development status and safety research status of railway heavy-duty transportation at home and abroad,fully analyzes the influencing factors of railway heavy-duty transportation system and some safety problems in the process of heavy-duty transportation,and puts forward relevant suggestions in a targeted manner..Based on the analysis of the safety investment and benefit of railway heavy-duty transportation,the safety economics theory is applied to analyze the reasonable amount of railway heavy-duty transportation safety investment,and the practicability of the relevant optimization method is verified.